It’s one of the most common infections in the world, yet few people talk about it. The human papillomavirus — or HPV — affects the vast majority of sexually active men and women at some point in their lives. Often invisible and symptom-free, this virus can still trigger subtle changes in the body. But how do you spot these signs without jumping to conclusions?
Let’s break it down clearly and simply.
What Is HPV, Really?
HPV refers to a group of over 150 related viruses. While many types are harmless and go away on their own, some can cause:
- Skin or genital warts
- Precancerous cellular changes
- Certain cancers, including cervical, anal, and throat cancers
This virus spreads primarily through sexual contact — vaginal, oral, or anal — and most people don’t even realize they’ve been infected because it rarely shows symptoms early on.
Visible Clues: Genital Warts
One of the few outward signs of HPV infection is genital warts, typically linked to low-risk strains. These small growths:
- May appear flesh-colored or slightly raised
- Often resemble cauliflower in shape
- Are usually painless but may itch
Hidden Changes in the Cervix
Some high-risk types of HPV — especially HPV-16 and HPV-18 — can silently affect the cervix, causing cellular abnormalities (known as dysplasia). These early changes often go unnoticed until a medical exam detects them.
In more advanced stages, a few warning signs may include:
- Spotting or bleeding between periods
- Pelvic pain
- Pain or discomfort during sex
That’s why regular cervical screening (Pap smear or HPV test) is so important. In many countries, including France, it’s recommended every 3 to 5 years from age 25.
Other Subtle Symptoms to Watch
- Light bleeding after sex
- Unusual discharge or irritation
- Itching or burning in the genital area
HPV in the Mouth and Throat? Yes, It’s Possible
HPV can also be transmitted through oral sex, and may affect the mouth, tongue, or throat. In such cases, symptoms could include:
- Ongoing sore throat or hoarseness
- Difficulty swallowing
- Small patches or lesions in the mouth
How Can You Protect Yourself?
The good news is: HPV is preventable.
- Vaccination is highly effective and available for both boys and girls, ideally between ages 11 and 14.
- Catch-up doses may be available up to age 19, and in certain cases, even beyond.
- Regular check-ups and screenings, starting in early adulthood, remain essential.